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?INTRODUCTION TO SYNTHESES
(mostly from Cassie Carter - with her kind permission)
CONTENTS What is actually a synthesis? Two variations of syntheses Standards for synthesis essays How to write down synthesis essays Techniques for developing synthesis essays Thesis statements, introductions, conclusions, and quotations WHAT Can be described as SYNTHESIS? A synthesis can be a written discussion that draws on an individual or a lot more resources. It follows that your ability to jot down syntheses relies upon on your ability to infer relationships among resources - essays, articles, fiction, and also nonwritten resources, this sort of as lectures, interviews, observations. This practice is nothing new for you, since you infer relationships all the time - say, amongst something you've browse through inside the newspaper and something you've seen for yourself, or involving the teaching styles of your favorite and least favorite instructors. In fact, if you've written research papers, you've by now written syntheses. In an academic synthesis, you make explicit the relationships you have inferred among separate resources.
The skills you've currently been practicing in this particular course will be vital in crafting syntheses. Clearly, before you're in a very position to draw relationships somewhere between two or further resources, you must understand what those resources say; in other words, you must be able to summarize these resources. It will frequently be helpful in your readers in the event you provide you with at least partial summaries of resources in the synthesis essays. On the same time, you must go beyond summary to make judgments - judgments dependent, of course, on your critical reading of your resources - as you have practiced in the reading responses and in class discussions. You should by now have drawn some conclusions about the superior and validity of these resources; and you should know how quite a bit you agree or disagree with the points made within your resources in addition to the reasons in your agreement or disagreement.
Further, you must go beyond the critique of individual resources to determine the relationship among them. Is the detail in source B, for example, an extended illustration in the generalizations in source A? Would it be useful to compare and contrast source C with source B? Having examine and considered resources A, B, and C, can you infer something else - D (not a source, but your very own idea)?
Mainly because a synthesis is influenced by two or added resources, you will desire to be selective when choosing detail from every. It would be neither achievable nor desirable, for instance, to discuss in a very ten-page paper for the battle of Wounded Knee every point that the authors of two books make about their subject. What you as a writer must do is select the ideas and detail from every single source that most useful allow for you to definitely enjoy your purpose.
PURPOSE Your purpose in reading source materials and then in drawing upon them to put in writing your personal material is often reflected while in the wording of an assignment. For example, your assignment may ask that you choose to evaluate a textual content, argue a position on the topic, explain cause and effect relationships, or compare and contrast items. Although you might probably make use of the same resources in producing an argumentative essay as your classmate makes use of in producing a comparison/contrast essay, you will make different employs of those resources depending on the different purposes for the assignments. What you get a hold of worthy of detailed analysis in Source A may be mentioned only in passing by your classmate.
By using YOUR Resources Your purpose determines not only what parts of your resources you will use but also how you will relate them to a single another. Since the very essence of synthesis is the combining of related information and ideas, you must have some basis on which to combine them. Some relationships among the material in you resources must make them worth sythesizing. It follows that the more suitable able you could be to discover these kinds of relationships, the even better able you will be to try your resources in producing syntheses. Your purpose in crafting (according to your assignment) will determine how you relate your source materials to 1 another. Your purpose in creating determines which resources you use, which parts of these you use, at which points as part of your essay you use them, and in what manner you relate them to a person another.
TWO Sorts OF SYNTHESES
THE EXPLANATORY SYNTHESIS: An explanatory synthesis helps readers to understand a topic. Writers explain when they divide a subject into its component parts and existing them to the reader inside of a clear and orderly fashion. Explanations may entail descriptions that re-create in words some object, spot, event, sequence of events, or state of affairs. The purpose in producing an explanatory essay is absolutely not to argue a particular point, but rather to current the facts within a reasonably aim manner. The explanatory synthesis does not go very much beyond what is obvious from the careful reading with the resources. You will not be producing explanatory synthesis essays in this particular course. However, at times your argumentative synthesis essays will include sections that are explanatory in nature.
THE ARGUMENT SYNTHESIS: The purpose of an argument synthesis is for you to definitely existing your unique point of see - supported, of course, by relevant facts, drawn from resources, and presented inside a rational manner. The thesis of an argumentative essay is debatable. It makes a proposition about which reasonable people could disagree, and any two writers working with the same source materials could conceive of and service other, opposite theses.
STANDARDS FOR SYNTHESIS ESSAYS
1. Remember you are utilizing your resources to assistance your ideas and statements, not the opposite way available.
two. Keep in mind that original thought and insightful analysis are required for a four.0, 3.5, or 3.0 paper; two.5 and below evaluations tend not to current original ideas.
3. A four.0, 3.5, or 3.0 paper will construct a "dialogue" concerning the essay author's ideas and her resources, and also among the resources themselves. two.5 and below evaluations will often summarize a single point in a time, with the essay author's idea stated in the close. If you happen to imagine a synthesis essay as a room in which the synthesis writer is joined by the authors of her/his resources, the four.0, 3.5, or 3.0 essay has anyone engaged in conversation or discussion, with nearly everybody commenting on (or arguing against) every other's ideas directly. While in the two.5 and below essay, each and every person with the room stands up in turn, gives a speech, and sits down, with very little or no question and answer period between or afterward.
four. Take special care to address your audience in an correct manner. Make sure you establish your credibility within the subject which you furnish sufficient critical information to make your argument (thesis) convincing.
5. Organize your paper logically: A. State your thesis clearly and make sure that it reflects the focus of your essay. B. Make sure your main points are clearly stated (use topic sentences), and connect each individual point to your thesis as explicitly as plausible. C. Divide paragraphs logically. D. Deliver best suited transitions the two inside and somewhere between paragraphs. 6. Cultivate each individual main idea thoroughly. Use particular examples and source materials appropriately as help. Be sure to integrate source materials smoothly into your individual composing by means of attribution phrases and transitions. Also be sure to avoid unnecessary repetition (repetition is often an organization problem).
7. Select words precisely. When in doubt, make use of a dictionary!
8. Make sure sentences are clear and unambiguous. Avoid passive voice. Double-check to see that sentences are adequately varied in size and style, which there are no fragments or run-ons. Also proofread carefully to correct any other sentence errors.
9. Proofread carefully to identify and correct mechanical errors, these kinds of as errors in plurals or possessives, subject-verb agreement, shifts in verb tense or person ("you"), comma errors, spelling errors, and so on.
ten. Quadruple check your MLA documentation. Are your parenthetical citations correct? Is your Is effective Cited list correct according to MLA style, and does it include all resources cited into your essay?
eleven. Be sure to give your essay a descriptive and attention-getting title (NOT "Synthesis," for goodness sake. ).
12. Make sure your essay is formatted correctly and posted to your internet online site correctly.
HOW To put in writing SYNTHESIS ESSAYS
Consider your purpose in creating. Look at the topic assignment carefully. What are you trying to accomplish in the essay? How will this purpose shape the way you procedure your resources?
Select and carefully go through your resources, according to your purpose. Re-read the resources, mentally summarizing just about every. Identify those aspects or parts of your resources that will help you in fulfilling your purpose. When rereading, label or underline the passages for main ideas, key terms, and any details you desire to use from the synthesis.
Formulate a thesis. Your thesis is the main idea that you simply desire to current in your own synthesis. It must be expressed as a total sentence and include a statement within the topic and your assertion about that topic. Typically the thesis is the to start with sentence, but much more often it is the final sentence on the first of all paragraph.
Decide how you will use your source material and take notes. How will the tips also, the ideas inside your resources help you to definitely fulfill your purpose? Re-read your resources and create down the detail from your resources that will most efficient cultivate and assist your thesis.
Produce and organizational plan, according to your thesis. (See Techniques for Developing Synthesis Essays immediately below.) How will you arrange your material? It isn't really necessary to prepare a formal outline, but you should have some plan in mind that will indicate the order in which you will current your material which will indicate the relationships among your resources.
Generate the to begin with draft of your synthesis, following your organizational plan. Be adaptable with your plan, however, and let yourself room to incorporate new ideas you discover as you generate. As you discover and incorporate new ideas, re-read your do the job frequently to ensure that your thesis even now accounts for what follows which what follows however logically supports your thesis.
Document your resources. Use MLA-style in-text citations including a Will work Cited list to credit your resources for all material you quote, paraphrase, or summarize. For example, if I wanted to note in my essay the difference amongst name-calling and argumentum ad hominem as personal kinds of attack, I would credit the article on "Politics: The Art of Bamboozling" from WARAC by offering a citation that comes with the author's last name and therefore the exact webpage amount where she discussed this notion (Cross 302). For the conclusion from the essay, I would have a total bibliographic citation for that "Politics" article.
Revise your synthesis. Insert transitional words and phrases where necessary. Integrate all quotations so they flow smoothly inside your individual sentences. Use attribution phrases to distinguish somewhere between your sources' ideas and your possess ideas. Make sure the essay reads smoothly, logically, and clearly from beginning to close. Check for grammatical correctness, punctuation, and spelling.
TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING SYNTHESIS ESSAYS
SUMMARY: The simplest - and least sophisticated - way of organizing a synthesis essay is to summarize your most relevant resources, a person after the opposite, but generally with the foremost important source(s) last. The problem with this strategy tends to be that it reveals tiny or no independent thought on your part. Its main virtue is it at least grounds your paper in relevant and special evidence.
Summary could very well be useful - and sophisticated - if handled judiciously, selectively, and in blend with other techniques. At some time you may desire to summarize a crucial source in some detail. At another point, you may desire to summarize a key section or paragraph of the source within a solitary sentence. Try to anticipate what your reader needs to know at any given point of your paper in order to comprehend or appreciate fully the point you could be making.
EXAMPLE OR ILLUSTRATION: At a single or a little more points with your paper, you may desire to refer to the particularly illuminating example or illustration from your source material. You will probably paraphrase this example (i.e. recount it, in some detail, as part of your individual words), summarize it, or quote it directly from your source. In all these cases, of course, you would properly credit your source.
TWO (OR Significantly more) REASONS: The "two reasons" solution are usually an extremely effective method of growth. You simply state your thesis, then offer reasons why the statement is true, supported by evidence from your resources. One can advance as nearly all reasons to the truth of your thesis as needed; but save one of the most important reason(s) for last, given that the conclude belonging to the paper is what will remain most clearly on the reader's mind.
STRAWMAN: In case you make use of the strawman technique, you current an argument against your thesis, but immediately afterward you display that this argument is weak or flawed. The advantage of this technique is the fact that you demonstrate your awareness of your other side from the argument and reveal that you choose to are prepared to answer it. The strawman argument earliest presents an introduction and thesis, then the main opposing argument, a refutation belonging to the opposing argument, and finally a positive argument.
CONCESSION: Like the strawman, the concession technique presents the opposing viewpoint, but it surely does not proceed to demolish the opposition. Instead, it concedes that the opposition has a valid point but that, even so, the positive argument is the stronger a single. This method is particularly valuable once you know your reader holds the opposing watch.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST: Comparison and contrast techniques permit you to definitely examine two subjects (or resources) in terms of just one another. Whenever you compare, you consider similarities. In case you contrast, you consider differences. By comparing and contrasting, you perform a multifaceted analysis that often suggests subtleties that otherwise will probably not have come to your attention.
To organize a comparison/contrast analysis, you must carefully go through resources in order to discover significant criteria for analysis. A criterion serves as a certain point to which equally of your authors refer and about which they may agree or disagree. The most desirable criteria are those that make it possible for you not only to account for obvious similarities and differences among resources but also to plumb deeper, to a little more subtle and significant similarities and differences. There are two essential formulas for comparison/contrast analysis: